Higbee, J. L. (1996). Defining developmental education: A commentary. In J. L. Higbee, & P. I. Dwinell (Eds.), Defining developmental education (pp. 1-5). Morrow, GA: National Association for Developmental Education. Retrieved July 4, 2004, from: http://www. umkc.edu/cad/nade/nadedocs/96monpap/jhmpap96.htm
The author applies Chickering's Seven Vectors of College Student Development (1993) to understanding a theory of developmental education: developing competence, managing emotions, developing mature interpersonal relationships, establishing identity, developing purpose, developing integrity.